The perils of ingesting food that has any contact with a Monsanto-produced product are in the news on nearly a weekly basis.
As Dr. Jeff Ritterman has documented, Monstanto's herbicide, Roundup, has been
linked to a fatal kidney disease epidemic, and has also been repeatedly
linked to cancer.
Recently, a senior research scientist at MIT
predicted that glyphosate, the key ingredient in Roundup, will cause half of all children to have autism by 2025.
Farmers
in El Salvador are acutely aware of the importance of producing their
own seeds, and avoiding those from the bioengineering giant. The
farmers, who have already been consistently outperforming Monsanto with
their seed, as the local seed is far healthier and more productive, have
just managed to bring about a
giant defeat of Monsanto
by preventing it from supplying El Salvador with its seeds. Recently,
the Ministry of Agriculture released a new round of contracts to provide
seed to subsistence farmers across the country.
RELATED: How Monsanto Could Get Even Bigger and More Powerful
"Remember
that Monsanto is together with DuPont, Pioneer, all the large
businesses that control the world's seed market," said Juan Luna Vides,
the director of diversified production for the
Mangrove Association,
a nongovernmental organization that was created to support a grassroots
social movement for environmental conservation in El Salvador.
"Unfortunately, many of the governments in Latin America, or perhaps the
world, have beneficiary relationships with these companies."
Vides
said that his group is working to "minimize this dependency" — and the
dire situation in El Salvador demonstrates the importance of doing so.
"The
efforts of transnational companies are masked by other companies within
small countries," he explained. "In the case of El Salvador, this
example is very obvious ... the company of ex-president [Alfredo]
Cristiani Burkard manages the business within the [national] market ...
Although you don't see the Monsanto brand, it's Monsanto."
Thus,
companies like Pioneer generate commercials for various media in El
Salvador that market their agrochemical products, exerting great
influence over the local farmer population of the country.
The Importance of Keeping It Local
"We
are losing the traditions of local seed, so we are trying to maintain
it here," small-scale seed producer Santos Cayetan told Truthout.
"Native seeds don't have what these other seeds have that come with the
chemicals, based in chemicals."
Cayetan, who is a recipient of
corn seed from the government program that uses local, GMO-free seeds
and also works to grow native corn, said that the difference between
using local seed versus Monsanto's is stark.
"[Native seeds are]
always the same, they always produce, and they're always there," he
said. "[Native seeds] are drought resistant."
Vides said that
native seeds are also far better adapted to local conditions like
droughts and floods in his country, as well as the climate and soil.
"[Native
seeds] don't need a great injection of agrochemicals in comparison to
other seeds.... Seeds coming from different places, we don't know if
those seeds are GMO or modified in some way," he said. "You can reuse
native seeds and create a full cycle; you can use your own seeds for the
next planting. That's not the case with hybrid seeds."
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Oscar
Cruz scatters fertilizer on a cornfield in Tecomatepe, El Salvador, 23
miles north of the capital. (image: U.S. State Department)
One of Monsanto's insidious goals is to force farmers to purchase the company's seeds every year, at very expensive prices.
What's
more, it is well known that Monsanto's hybrid seeds are dependent upon a
high level of toxic fertilizers, and without those the yields of the
hybrids would be far, far lower.
"[Using only local seed] would be
much better [for Salvadoran farmers]; they wouldn't have to buy seeds
every year," Vides added. "It has to do with generating the conditions
to promote food security ... you can produce what you consume ...
produce and consume the same product."
Cayetan said that many farmers in El Salvador simply cannot afford Monsanto seeds — and that is by design.
"If
all the producers produced [imported] seed, [local producers] would
lose their businesses ... this is what [Monsanto] wants."
RELATED: How Seed Laws Make Farmers’ Seeds Illegal
Jesus
Reyes Fuente, also a local seed producer in El Salvador's Ciudad
Romero, told Truthout that native seeds also taste better than hybrid
seeds.
"They're less contaminated by fertilizers," he said. "And
you can use them year after year ... with hybrids, after the second
year, you can't use them."
Like the others with whom Truthout
spoke, Fuente was aware of the health dangers of Monsanto products, and
stressed the importance of stopping Monsanto from forcing local farmers
to use its products.
"It's an imposition ... they [Monsanto] are
trying to force people to use transgenic seeds," he said.
"There's
pressure, to make us produce in a way we don't want to."
Evelyn
Martinez is a political analyst for Salvadoran Foundation for
Reconstruction and Development (REDES). REDES works to strengthen
organizational capacity and advocacy among vulnerable populations who
are looking to improve their quality of life.
"Before, there was a
monopoly in the seed market. It was controlled by Cristiani Burkard,
which today is Monsanto, and other large agribusinesses," Martinez told
Truthout. "Today, we have opened the possibility for local production.
We have opened the market."
The local seed program has also
generated jobs, increased investment in equipment and infrastructure by
local producers, and has had positive social impacts by preventing
youths from joining gangs, as well as enabling producers to improve
their production techniques and business skills.
"In economic
terms, the country is less dependent on importers and has increased its
autonomy," Martinez added. "The [local] seeds are better adapted for
climate change and to the soils of El Salvador and have high yield
potential."
Martinez was very clear about why any dealings with Monsanto would be harmful for El Salvador.
"At
the global level, Monsanto, DuPont and Syngenta have control of 67
percent of the seed and agrochemical market. Monsanto controls 23
percent of the corn market and 80 percent of the world's GMO market,"
she said. "What Monsanto wants is to take more market share ... in order
to increase their profits. Monsanto wants to increase the use of their
seed in the country, not to benefit the small-scale producers. If you
control the seed, you control the whole production process."
RELATED: Monsanto GMOs Defeated by Oregon Organic Farmers as Federal Judge Upholds Seed Ban
Martinez
also stressed the importance of food sovereignty and was blunt about
what would happen politically if local farmers had to rely on Monsanto
seed.
"The nutrition of the country will depend on transnational
companies ... We will lose our autonomy," Martinez concluded. "In terms
of democracy, this isn't democratic; [Salvadorans] can't decide what we
eat. It's a dictatorship."
Local Government Support
In 2014, the U.S. government threatened to
deny all foreign aid to El Salvador unless it opened up its seed contracts to foreign businesses (i.e. Monsanto). Now, however, the
United States claims
that it supports the country's contract on seed, through which domestic
seed producers offer both a better and more financially competitive
product.
This is not a new battle — farmers in El Salvador have
also successfully opposed the use of Monsanto seeds in the past — but it is one that Salvadorans find themselves perpetually fighting.
To
make protections more permanent, El Salvador Congresswoman Estela
Hernandez stressed the importance of farmers continuing to have the
freedom to make their own decisions.
Interestingly, she also said that the pressure to use Monsanto seeds came more from the United States than from Monsanto itself.
"Monsanto
didn't express its opinions here.... the pressure really came from the
politicians from the United States, in this case the ambassador," she
said. "We don't know if it was for the quality of seed, more likely for
the businesses."
Elias Figueroa, a technical agronomist in the
Ministry of Agriculture, also strongly supports the movement to keep
seed local, and to disallow companies like Monsanto from introducing
their seed into the country.
"This year the government purchased
corn and bean seed in accordance to CAFTA's [Central American Free Trade
Agreement] tender requirements ... demonstrating that what the [U.S.]
embassy suggested, that the process was not transparent, was not true,"
Figueroa told Truthout. "Under this [bidding] process, everyone can
participate, as long as they meet the legal and technical requirements
of the Ministry of Agriculture."
Figueroa explained how El
Salvador has a center for the investigation of El Salvador's National
Center for Agricultural and Forestry Technology, called CENTA, which
since 2011 has participated in increasing the domestic production of
seed.
El Salvador used to import more than 70 percent of seed used
nationally, but since 2000, CENTA has worked with the Center of
Investigation for Corn and Wheat in Mexico to produce a parent seed.
CENTA
generated the parent seed for H-59, the hybrid variety produced
domestically. The plant is created for the tropical climate: It is
drought resistant, produces high yields under local conditions, and is
resistant to plagues and fungi.
In contrast, GMO seeds from
Monsanto, which are more susceptible to plagues and aren't drought
resistant, are clearly not designed for the tropical climate. The
verdict from producers?
RELATED: Monsanto Herbicide Faces Global Fallout After World Health Organization Labels It a Probable Carcinogen
"According
to the latest census, 84 percent of producers in the country prefer
using H-59," Figueroa said. "The most important [thing] is that it has
generated employment, nearly 240,000 direct jobs."
Still, Figueroa
said, the public relations fight continues: He explained that Monsanto
is "running an aggressive marketing campaign," portraying its seed as
better and spreading false claims that local seed is mediocre and not
certified.
"But this doesn't worry us," Figueroa said. "The
national seed law, approved by Congress, and CAFTA lay out the
parameters for quality, and we are complying with all of these. We have
the best product, the best product in all of Central America. We can
outcompete them in export markets as well. We have the studies that
demonstrate the quality of our seed."
Figueroa added that 100
percent of the seed required for the country's food security program is
now provided by national producers, and that one of the ministry's
objectives is to promote native seed varieties by establishing local
seed banks.
Nathan Weller, the program and policy director for
EcoViva,
an NGO that supports environmental sustainability, social justice and
peace for communities in Central America, has been working with local
farmers in El Salvador for years, supporting their efforts to produce
and control their own seeds.
"El Salvador is ensuring that its
national seed lineage doesn't need to be outsourced to foreign
interests, and can be developed by its own farmers," Weller told
Truthout. "It's better for the farmers who earn access to the best
product, better for the government that can stretch limited public
budgets to outreach to the most farmers, and better for El Salvador's
struggling rural economy which drives many families to migrate away from
their communities."
Weller explained that the Salvadoran
producers' success came as a result of their flexibility and
responsiveness to the people using the seed.
"They innovated to
meet government standards, learned how to navigate administrative
hurdles to earn contracts and employed hundreds of people in
traditionally underserved rural areas where opportunity is scarce," he
said. "Transnational agribusiness like Monsanto treat farmers in the
developing world as consumers, not partners. They have yet to
demonstrate an ability to provide such sweeping benefits to El
Salvador's rural economy."
While the recent victory for local
farmers and organic seed is important, and even the U.S. Embassy has
endorsed the outcome, Vides is aware that there is still work to do.
"There
doesn't exist a [national] agriculture policy supporting alternative
farming, producing organically and ecologically," he said. "But regional
efforts exist, such as La Coordinadora and the Mangrove Association,
that are [supporting] local producers [in working] with alternative
production techniques, such as using organic inputs and producing in an
ecological manner."
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Dahr Jamail, a Truthout staff reporter, is the author of The Will to Resist: Soldiers Who Refuse to Fight in Iraq and Afghanistan (Haymarket Books, 2009, and Beyond the Green Zone: Dispatches From an Unembedded Journalist in Occupied Iraq
(Haymarket Books, 2007). Jamail reported from Iraq for more than a
year, as well as from Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Turkey over the last
ten years, and has won the Martha Gellhorn Award for Investigative
Journalism, among other awards.