By Neeraja Viswanathan
Michael Brown. Walter Scott. Eric Harris. Freddie Gray.
As
the list of victims of police violence grows longer, the public outcry
is getting louder. Not because this is a new phenomenon, but because so
many communities have seen the police act as an occupying force for so
long.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in On the Run:
Fugitive Life in an American City, by Alice Goffmann, chronicling the
six years she spent immersed in the Philadelphia neighborhood of “6th
Street.”
Documenting interactions between the police and her roommates,
friends and neighbors, Goffmann shows us a community living under the
shadow of mass incarcerations and police violence, trapped by the
vagaries and technicalities of the criminal justice system, where minor
infractions can result in a lifetime on the run. In the “fugitive
world,” running not only becomes a way of life; it’s the science and art
of survival.
I had a conversation with Goffmann, speaking from her
office at the sociology department at the University of Wisconsin in
Madison, earlier this week. The following is edited for clarity.
6th
Street isn’t poorest, or most crime-ridden neighborhood in
Philadelphia—it’s a mixed income neighborhood, with some middle class
families. Yet, according to your book, you saw the police detaining or
arresting someone within that four block radius, with a few exceptions,
every single day.
It’s a fact in America that
in these poorer communities—and in largely African-American
neighborhoods like the one I was in—you’re much more likely encounter a
police officer. The level of police presence is just off the charts
compared to similar white neighborhoods. So you have the increased
likelihood of interaction, and the high probability that that
interaction will not be good.
Even if there’s no arrest, there can still
be a detention, a search, whatever, and who knows how long that’s going
to last? It means you won’t be home to dinner tonight. Maybe not even
tomorrow. It makes you not only fearful of police contact, but also of
the places where the police might go to find you—your girlfriend’s
house, your kid’s school, your place of employment.
You
noted that your assumptions behind the project changed very quickly,
from the idea that only felony offenders were marginalized, to the idea
of a “fugitive” subclass that’s far more complex.
Definitely.
When we began, we were focusing on the impact of mass incarceration on a
community. It was based on a lot of quantitative research, and the
image that we had from this research was that: first you were free, then
you were charged with a felony and hauled off to jail, and after you
got out came all the financial, emotional, political pressures of being a
felon. That was the model: free, prison, felon. But that just wasn’t
what I was seeing. I was seeing a lot of non-felons—people with
low-level warrants, on probation or parole, with traffic fines or
custody support issues, in halfway houses or rehab—living like
fugitives, under the radar.
These low-level warrants in particular are a huge issue with police interactions.
When
I was writing this book, we didn’t know was how many people had low
level warrants; we just weren’t collecting that data nationally. We now
know that there’s about 2 million warrants that have been reported
voluntarily to the database, and leaving a huge number that haven’t been
reported.
About 60% of these warrants are not for new crimes, but for
technical violations of parole, unpaid court fees, unpaid child support,
traffic fines, curfew violations, court fees. And it’s this group of
people that are terrified. If they’re stopped by the cops, any of these
reasons is enough to bring them in, to get them trapped into the system
again.
It goes well beyond being guilty, or even
just running from the cops. There’s this story in your book where this
young man wants to get a state I.D. during the time he’s clean (i.e.
free of warrants). But he just sits there—this big tough guy—and he
can’t bring himself to go in.
If you’re part of
this class, it means you don’t go to the hospital when you’re sick.
You’re wary of visiting friends in the hospital, or attending their
funerals. Driving your kid to school can be daunting. You don’t have a
driver’s license or I.D. Most of the time, you can’t seek legal
employment. You can’t get help from the government. It comes from,
partly, growing up in a neighborhood where you’ve watched your uncles
and brothers go to jail, and your aunts and mom entangled in the court
system without ever getting free.
You note that women in particular face a great deal of police pressure to inform or cooperate in some fashion.
In
a poll I did of the women [living in the four block radius of 6th
Street], 67% said that they’d been pressured by the police to provide
information on a male family member or partner in the last 3 years. If
you’ve got a low-level warrant or some probation issue, you can be
violated by authorities if you don’t inform when asked. So you’re really
talking about a policing system that hinges on turning families against
each other and sowing a lot of suspicion and distrust. It’s very ironic
that people blame the breakdown of black family life on the number of
black men behind bars when the policing strategies that put them there
are exactly about breaking those family bonds.
It seems like once you have a family member in trouble, you could be in trouble by association.
In
terms of public policy, we’re having the opposite effect that we want
to see. We should be encouraging people to go work, to go to the
hospital when they’re sick, to get a proper I.D. We should be making
those paths stronger and easier to follow. Now we have a system where,
to avoid staying out of jail, you have to avoid your friends, your
family, your job. All of those are pressure points that can be used by
the police to get to you.
And as long as we have a
policing model that’s based on arrest counts and convictions, as long as
there’s a legal right to bring in people for things like court fees or
traffic fines or technical violations of parole, your ‘re creating a
class of people who are arrestable on sight—a fugitive class. And then
the people who don’t have these legal entanglements but are still
worried that something might come up, are this secondary “maybe”
fugitive class.
What’s amazing is how this
subculture is almost completely based around the criminal justice
system. Almost all social interactions have adapted to it.
Once
you have so many young men in a neighborhood coming of age not at
school or work, but in court, in probation hearings, in jail, then the
whole round of social life—dating, friendship, family—it actually all
gets moved into those institutions. So your first time visiting your
boyfriend in jail is a big day. Supporting your husband on his court
date is how you show your devotion to him. Standing in front of your
house while it’s being raided by police looking for your son is what a
good mother does. It’s not about checking tests, going to soccer
practice or parent-teacher conferences. It’s going to fight for the
freedom of your children.
And running--from the police, from the legal system-- is central to all this, from a very early age.
I
know this guy driving his 11 year old brother to school in his
girlfriend’s car when he got stopped. Turns out that the car was stolen,
so the cops charged the guy with receiving stolen property. And then
they charged the 11 year old with accessory to receiving stolen
property, and gave him 3 years of probation. So from now on this 11 year
old is in legal jeopardy. Any less-than-positive encounter with the
police could mean a violation of his probation, and send him straight to
juvenile hall for the entire three years. He could be out past curfew,
or sitting on the stoop with his brother’s friends, or asked to
inform—anything could lead to a violation.
So now his
older brother sits him down and teaches him the basics of running. How
to spot undercover officers and cars. How to negotiate a stop without
escalating it. How to find a hiding place. Teaching his little brother
to do this becomes what being a big brother is all about.
There’s
a lot of violence in your book, but what’s surprising is how much
forgiveness and reconciliation there is. You would think that some of
the transgressions, like informing on someone and sending them to jail,
would damage a relationship beyond repair but your book had numerous
examples of rebuilding and re-bonding.
There’s
clearly a lot of love for family. But it’s also about resistance—against
a system that is incredibly destructive. It’s amazing how people fight
to preserve family or forgive friends who have informed or testified
against them. In this neighborhood, it’s understood that you can be
placed in a position where you’ll have to choose your freedom over
someone else’s. Any one of us likes to think that in that position we’d
be honorable or selfless, but we don’t know. For most of us that’s a
hypothetical. But there are families making this choice over and over
and then trying to come back together.
It sounds
like it becomes a survival instinct to run from the police, even after
seeing something like the Walter Scott shooting in South Carolina.
It’s
going to continue so long as the police act like an occupying force in
some of these neighborhoods. When the police see and treat young black
men with low-levels of schooling as the enemy, and when being a good
police officer means putting as many of these men behind bars as
possible, it becomes possible to justify any amount of violence and
psychological pressure.
Now, this was definitely not my
experience growing up in a largely white, middle-class neighborhood. And
in college—we had campus police whose sole role was to prevent us from
being arrested by the city police. They’d break up fights, help people
home when they’re drunk, or to the hospital when they’re too drunk. But
they’re not raiding parties or doing stop and frisks or looking to make
as many busts as possible. If they were, a good percentage of the kids I
went to school with would have records. And almost no one does.
But the level of scrutiny on the police has increased dramatically since your book came out last year.
What’s
been great about that is that we are now, finally, getting the data
about what’s happening—not just the Justice Reports, but first-hand
observations and journalists actively investigating these incidents.
We’re finally getting the numbers on the unauthorized use of force by
the police in Philadelphia and other cities, which we never tracked
before. It’s really important.
It makes a huge difference when you’re watching a video of the interaction.
Well,
now people are actively recording their lives, and this is what it’s
showing. But it’s been a change that’s a long time in coming. The public
debate had been about federal sentencing reform, marijuana law reform,
curtailing stop-and-frisks—really trying to reform sentencing and end
the drug war. But policing wasn’t really part of the conversation until
Ferguson happened. Now there’s this incredible, African American led
protest movement, mostly working class people, that’s telling the
public—showing the public—what’s been happening. It’s an amazing moment
to be involved.
Do you think the protests around police violence will lead to real change?
The
question is: how much are we going to make of this moment? You see the
right and left coming together on these issues and asking for bipartisan
reform. But are we really going to see an overhaul of the criminal
justice system? Or will we see moderate reforms that still leave a lot
of racial disparity, police violence and the highest per capita
incarcerated population in the world?
After my time on
6th street, seeing how hard people tried to find and keep jobs, seeing
how many kids have records for the same things that go unchecked on
college campuses, it makes it harder to believe in the U.S. as a place
of opportunity that doesn’t discriminate, no matter what color you are.
So this reform and protest movement is really trying to hold us
accountable to these ideals and meet them better than we have been. And
that’s pretty exciting.
Read “The Art of Running,” excerpted from On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City, below:
Learning the Art of Running in “On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City”
by Alice Goffmann
A
young man concerned that the police will take him into custody comes to
see danger and risk in the mundane doings of everyday life. To survive
outside prison, he learns to hesitate when others walk casually forward,
to see what others fail to notice, to fear what others trust or take
for granted.
One of the first things that such a man
develops is a heightened awareness of police officers—what they look
like, how they move, where and when they are likely to appear. He learns
the models of their undercover cars, the ways they hold their bodies
and the cut of their hair, the timing and location of their typical
routes. His awareness of the police never seems to leave him; he sees
them sitting in plain clothes at the mall food court with their
children; he spots them in his rear view mirror coming up behind him on
the highway, from ten cars and three lanes away. Sometimes he finds that
his body anticipates their arrival with sweat and a quickened heartbeat
before his mind consciously registers any sign of their appearance.
When
I first met Mike, I thought his awareness of the police was a special
gift, unique to him. Then I realized Chuck also seemed to know when the
police were coming. So did Alex. When they sensed the police were near,
they did what other young men in the neighborhood did: they ran and hid.
Chuck put the strategy concisely to his twelve-year-old brother, Tim:
If
you hear the law coming, you merk on [run away from] them niggas.
You don’t be having time to think okay, what do I got on me, what they
going to want from me. No, you hear them coming, that’s it, you gone.
Period. ’Cause whoever they looking for, even if it’s not you, nine
times out of ten they’ll probably book you.
Tim was
still learning how to run from the police, and his beginner missteps
furnished a good deal of amusement for his older brothers and their
friends.
Late one night, a white friend of mine from
school dropped off Reggie and a friend of his at my apartment. Chuck and
Mike phoned me to announce that Tim, who was eleven at the time, had
spotted my friend’s car and taken off down the street, yelling, “It’s a
undercover! It’s a undercover!”
“Nigga, that’s Alice’s girlfriend.” Mike laughed. “She was drinking with us last night.”
If
a successful escape means learning how to identify the police, it also
requires learning how to run.
Chuck, Mike, and their friends spent many
evenings honing this skill by running after each other and chasing each
other in cars. The stated reason would be that one had taken something
from the other: a CD, a five-dollar bill from a pocket, a small bag of
weed. Reggie and his friends also ran away from their girlfriends on
foot or by car.
One night, I was standing outside
Ronny’s house with Reggie and Reggie’s friend, an eighteen-year-old
young man who lived across the street. In the middle of the
conversation, Reggie’s friend jumped in his car and took off. Reggie
explained that he was on the run from his girlfriend, who we then saw
getting into another car after him. Reggie explained that she wanted him
to be in the house with her, but that he was refusing, wanting instead
to go out to the bar. This pursuit lasted the entire evening, with the
man’s girlfriend enlisting her friends and relatives to provide
information about his whereabouts, and the man doing the same. Around
one in the morning, I heard that she’d caught him going into the beer
store and dragged him back home.
It wasn’t always clear
to me whether these chases were games or more serious pursuits, and some
appeared more serious than others. Regardless of the meaning that
people ascribed to them at the time or afterward, these chases improved
young men’s skill and speed at getting away. In running from each
other, from their girlfriends, and in a few cases their mothers, Reggie
and his friends learned how to navigate the alleyways, weave through
traffic, and identify local residents willing to hide them for a little
while.
During the first year and a half I spent on 6th
Street, I watched young men running and hiding from the police on 111
occasions, an average of more than once every five days.
Those
who interact rarely with the police may assume that running away after a
police stop is futile. Worse, it could lead to increased charges or to
violence. While the second part is true, the first is not. In my first
eighteen months on 6th Street, I observed a young man running after he
had been stopped on 41 different occasions. Of these, 8 involved men
fleeing their houses during raids; 23 involved men running after being
stopped while on foot (including running after the police had approached
a group of people of whom the man was a part); 6 involved car chases;
and 2 involved a combination of car and foot chases, where the chase
began by car and continued with the man getting out and running.
In
24 of these cases, the man got away. In 17 of the 24, the police didn’t
appear to know who the man was and couldn’t bring any charges against
him after he had fled. Even in cases where the police subsequently
charged him with fleeing or other crimes, the successful getaway allowed
the man to stay out of jail longer than he might have if he’d simply
permitted the police to cuff him and take him in.
A
successful escape can be a solitary act, but oftentimes it is a
collective accomplishment. A young man relies on his friends, relatives,
and neighbors to alert him when they see the police coming, and to pass
along information about where the police have been or where and when
they might appear next. When the police make inquiries, these friends
and neighbors feign ignorance or feed the police misinformation. They
may also help to conceal incriminating objects and provide safe houses
where a young man can hide.
***
Running
wasn’t always the smartest thing to do when the cops came, but the urge
to run was so ingrained that sometimes it was hard to stand still.
When
the police came for Reggie, they blocked off the alleyway on both ends
simultaneously, using at least five cars that I could count from where I
was standing, and then ran into Reggie’s mother’s house. Chuck,
Anthony, and two other guys were outside, trapped. Chuck and these two
young men were clean, but Anthony had the warrant for failure to appear.
As the police dragged Reggie out of his house, laid him on the ground,
and searched him, one guy whispered to Anthony to be calm and stay
still. Anthony kept quiet as Reggie was cuffed and placed in the squad
car, but then he started whispering that he thought Reggie was looking
at him funny, and might say something to the police. Anthony started
sweating and twitching his hands; the two young men and I whispered
again to him to chill. One said, “Be easy. He’s not looking at you.”
We
stood there, and time dragged on. When the police started searching the
ground for whatever Reggie may have tossed before getting into the
squad car, Anthony couldn’t seem to take it anymore.
He started mumbling
his concerns, and then he took off up the alley. One of the officers
went after him, causing the other young man standing next to him to
shake his head in frustrated disappointment.
Anthony’s
running caused the other officer to put the two young men still standing
there up against the car, search them, and run their names; luckily,
they came back clean. Then two more cop cars came up the alley, sirens
on. About five minutes after they finished searching the young men, one
of the guys got a text from a friend up the street. He silently handed
me the phone so I could read it:
Anthony just got booked. They beat the shit out of him.
At
the time of this incident, Chuck had recently begun allowing Anthony to
sleep in the basement of his mother’s house, on the floor next to his
bed. So it was Chuck’s house that Anthony phoned first from the police
station. Miss Linda picked up and began yelling at him immediately.
“You
fucking stupid, Anthony! Nobody bothering you, nobody looking at you.
What the fuck did you run for? You a nut. You a fucking nut. You deserve
to get locked up. Dumb-ass nigga. Call your sister, don’t call my
phone. And when you come home, you can find somewhere else to stay.”
Excerpt
from On the Run by Alice Goffmann. On the Run copyright © 2014 by The
University of Chicago. Originally published in hardcover by The
University of Chicago Press. First trade paperback edition published
April 7, 2014, by Picador/Farrar, Straus and Giroux. All rights
reserved. www.picadorusa.com/ontherun
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