For
a state that lost hundreds of lives on Sept. 11, the gifts were
emotionally resonant: pieces of steel from the ruins of the World Trade
Center. They were presented by the Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey to 20 carefully chosen New Jersey mayors who sat atop a list of
100 whose endorsements Gov. Chris Christie hoped to win.
At
photo opportunities around the mangled pieces of steel, Bill Baroni,
Mr. Christie’s top staff appointee at the Port Authority, told audiences
how many people wanted a similar remnant of the destroyed buildings,
and how special these mayors were.
Mayors
lower on the list of 100 — such as Mark Sokolich, of Fort Lee, at No.
45 — received other Port Authority perquisites: an intimate tour of the
National September 11 Memorial, or the new World Trade Center
construction site, or Port Authority money for jobs programs or new
firefighting equipment, even in towns far from the port.
Mr.
Christie and his allies at the Port Authority are now entangled in a
scandal over the closing of lanes leading to the George Washington
Bridge — apparently a politically motivated move aimed at Mr. Sokolich,
who had declined to endorse the governor. But long before the lane
closings, the Port Authority — a bistate government agency financed by
tolls and taxes — had already been turned into a de facto political
operation for Governor Christie, a review of the agency’s operations
since Mr. Christie took office suggests.
Turning
wreckage of the twin towers into politically motivated gifts before Mr.
Christie’s 2013 re-election was only one example. The authority became a
means to reward friends (or hire them) and punish adversaries, and a
bank to be used when Mr. Christie sought to avoid raising taxes. Major
policy initiatives, such as instituting a large toll and fare increase
in 2011, were treated like political campaigns to burnish the governor’s
image.
These
maneuvers emboldened the Christie team, former Port Authority
colleagues say, to close down the lanes on the world’s busiest bridge —
ensnaring them in state and federal investigations.
Mr. Christie’s allies at the agency were public, even proud, about their mandate to reshape the agency.
Shortly
after he was hired by Mr. Baroni to be director of interstate capital
projects, David Wildstein walked into a colleague’s office at the
agency’s headquarters on Park Avenue South in Manhattan and gestured
toward the window. “You know, that used to be Tammany Hall,” he said,
referring to the New York Film Academy below on East 17th Street,
according to a person who witnessed the scene. “That’s the seat of all
corruption in New York.”
Waiting a beat, he added, “And the Port Authority is right here.”
Jobs for an Inner Circle
The
Port Authority was formed in the 1920's to run the various ports,
tunnels and bridges shared by New York and New Jersey, with each state
choosing its own administrators and directors, who were supposed to work
together.
As
chairman of the board of commissioners, Mr. Christie appointed David
Samson, a well-connected former state attorney general who had led the
governor’s transition team. When Mr. Christie appointed Mr. Baroni, a
state senator who had been a loyal Christie lieutenant, as deputy
executive director soon after he was elected in 2009, the governor noted
that the agency offered “significant opportunities for funding projects
in the State of New Jersey.”
Mr.
Baroni delighted in his role as the agency’s chief ambassador in his
home state, where he often headlined local officials’ events to
publicize Port Authority projects in their towns. “For the Port
Authority, the World Trade Center wasn’t just a building that we built,”
he said in a speech in 2011.
“It was our home.”
“Its rebuilding is a passion to the Port Authority, and it’s a passion to our governor and lieutenant governor,” he added.
Remarks
like that rankled New York colleagues at the Port Authority, who felt a
tug of war with New Jersey over money to rebuild the site after Mr.
Christie’s allies conveyed a clear rule: If New York got something, New
Jersey had to get something, too. In exchange for the World Trade
Center, for example, New Jersey secured projects including the $1
billion raising of the Bayonne Bridge and the rebuilding of the Pulaski
Skyway — an unusual undertaking for the Port Authority, because it does
not connect the two states.
Mr. Baroni’s lawyer did not return calls seeking comment, and Mr. Wildstein’s lawyer declined to comment.
Mr.
Wildstein, a onetime anonymous political blogger who, like Mr. Baroni,
has resigned in the wake of the lane closings, was hired in 2010 and
quickly developed a reputation as the governor’s enforcer at the agency.
He was known to schedule meetings with subordinates early on Monday
mornings — never specifying the topic, leaving them to fret for the
weekend — then cancel. He seemed to appear from nowhere in officials’
doorways, staring until they invited him in.
Mr.
Wildstein helped end the practice of letting former Port Authority
commissioners have free tolls for life, after Mr. Christie had railed
against it.
The
Port Authority had long been accused of patronage, something longtime
agency employees said that the Christie administration had continued.
The
administration recommended dozens of people with close ties to the
governor or his inner circle — often without relevant experience — for
jobs at the agency. These hires included a gourmet food broker and
longtime Republican donor, who was given a job as a financial analyst,
and the co-author of Mr. Baroni’s self-help book, “Fat Kid Got Fit: And
So Can You!” — who received a part-time job as publications editor that
paid more than $50,000 per year.
A Problem-Solver
Mr.
Christie also used the agency to help him out of political jams. When
he came into office, his state’s Transportation Trust Fund,
traditionally financed by the gas tax, was nearly empty. But Mr.
Christie, as a candidate, had pledged not to raise taxes. The Port
Authority’s involvement in a major project, it turned out, presented a
perfect solution.
In
2010, Mr. Christie canceled construction on a planned railroad tunnel
under the Hudson River that would have eased congestion for Amtrak and
New Jersey Transit trains, and used $1.8 billion that the Port Authority
had planned to spend on it to fill the trust fund.
As
a Republican administration in a blue state, the governor’s team began
considering strategies for his re-election early in his first term.
The
agency’s spending served Mr. Christie well as he campaigned, all with
an eye to building a broad coalition that would allow him to seek the
Republican nomination for president. The governor’s push for projects
like raising the roadbed of the Bayonne Bridge helped win endorsements
from unions that had backed his opponent in 2009. The agency spent
millions of dollars on projects in towns Mr. Christie wanted to win. For
example, $25 million went to a new PATH station in Harrison, where
Mayor Raymond J. McDonough became the first Democratic official to
endorse Mr. Christie.
Christie News Conference on Bridge Flap
Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey said he
took no part in the lane closings at the George Washington Bridge, but
acknowledged the involvement of some of his close aides.
Mr.
Baroni, often accompanied by Lt. Gov. Kim Guadagno, one of Mr.
Christie’s top aides, delivered the World Trade Center steel to
communities like Secaucus and Tenafly where the campaign sought
endorsements. Mr. Baroni also frequently gave tours of the construction
site, with guest lists that included Democrats whose support the
governor was seeking. A tour last year on Aug. 23 included Mr.
McDonough, and Dawn Zimmer, the Democratic mayor of Hoboken; the
governor’s campaign wanted her to support Mr. Christie — or at least,
not endorse his Democratic opponent.
Some
tour attendees detected a subtext during their visits. “I viewed it as
trying to build relationships and make us feel like we had a place at
the table,” said Richard LaBarbiera, the Democratic mayor of Paramus,
N.J., “with a possible end in mind.”
Mr. LaBarbiera added
that when he informed the campaign that he would not endorse the
governor, his relationship with the administration did not change.
Toll Threats
Perhaps
the boldest use of the Port Authority as a political tool, a complex
sleight-of-hand that raised questions at the time but succeeded anyway,
involved large toll increases at the Hudson River crossings in 2011, at
the end of Mr. Christie’s first year in office. The episode has recently
drawn scrutiny in several major New Jersey newspapers.
At
the time, the agency wanted to raise money on the bond markets. But it
was becoming apparent that it would not be able to raise enough without a
toll increase.
No
governor wants to raise tolls, even by an agency shared with a
neighboring state. But the issue was particularly nettlesome for Mr.
Christie because he had branded himself a fiscal conservative.
An
account fleshed out by several participants describes what was
essentially a political campaign to convince voters that Mr. Christie
had lowered the tolls rather than maneuvered to raise them. While
officials in New York signed off on the maneuver, the participants said,
the Christie administration was the driving force.
Mr.
Baroni took charge. He set up a confidential war room on the 15th floor
of the building on Park Avenue South and put restrictions on who could
enter. Inside, agency employees ran numbers for various proposed
increases, and set up computers to monitor news coverage of the plan.
The
initial projection for car tolls had been an increase of $4, spread
over two years. But on Aug. 3, Mr. Wildstein, Mr. Baroni and Mr. Samson
went to Trenton and met with the governor and five senior staff members,
including his chief of staff, his chief counsel, and Deborah
Gramiccioni, the head of the authorities unit (who was named to Mr.
Baroni’s post at the Port Authority when he resigned as the bridge
scandal burgeoned in December).
Mr.
Christie instructed the group to propose a plan for a $6 increase for
cars by 2014. He told them that he would publicly rail against it, and
that the agency would then agree to a lower number, easing the
inevitable political fallout while still getting new income, according
to a person who was briefed by an attendee on the participants and what
was said.
The
possibility of a similar ploy — announce an outrageously high increase,
and then knock it down — had been considered before toll increases were
proposed in November 2007, in a meeting between Port Authority
officials and the administration of Gov. Jon S. Corzine, according to
two people involved in the discussions, but it was dismissed as too
contrived.
Not
this time. The plan was announced three days after the meeting in
Trenton, on Aug. 6, a Friday afternoon. Within two hours, Mr. Christie
and Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo of New York produced a joint statement
expressing “obvious and significant concerns.” Mr. Christie described
his first reaction as, “Are you kidding me?”
The
day before the Port Authority board was to vote on the increase, Mr.
Christie and Mr. Cuomo released a letter declaring that they had found a
way to lower the toll increases — for cars, the cost would go up $4.50
by 2015, rather than $6 by 2014. “We are pleased that our work together
resulted in lowering of the original toll increase,” they said.
The board approved the increase unanimously.
Shouts After Whispers
Among
Mr. Christie’s allies at the agency, the campaign was considered a
success. Mr. Baroni hung a photograph of participants on his office
wall.
It
was not quite over. The travel organization AAA sued, but was blocked
when it tried to gain access to communications between the agency and
the governor’s office.
The
transportation committee of the New Jersey State Assembly also tried
and similarly failed to obtain information. But this effort led to what
could be the longest-lasting significance of the toll-increase ploy: The
Assembly was given subpoena power, which it eventually used to gather
evidence in the recent lane-closing scandal, including the infamous
email from one of Mr. Christie’s aides that read, “Time for some traffic
problems in Fort Lee.”
In
April 2012, Mr. Baroni went to Washington to answer questions from a
committee hearing called by the late Senator Frank R. Lautenberg of New
Jersey, a Democrat and frequent critic of the governor. The hearing
devolved into a shouting match.
Aides
to Mr. Christie cheered Mr. Baroni’s performance. In private, though,
Mr. Baroni expressed ambivalence about the confrontation with Mr.
Lautenberg. He sent word through mutual friends to people on Mr.
Lautenberg’s staff that he regretted the scene.
The instructions, he explained, had come from Trenton.
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